Câu Tường Thuật Trong Tiếng Anh: Lý Thuyết, Ví Dụ Và Bài Tập Chi Tiết

Câu tường thuật (Reported Speech), hay còn gọi là câu gián tiếp, là một trong những cấu trúc ngữ pháp quan trọng và thường xuyên xuất hiện trong tiếng Anh. Việc nắm vững cách sử dụng câu tường thuật không chỉ giúp bạn diễn đạt ý kiến một cách chính xác mà còn thể hiện sự thành thạo trong giao tiếp. Bài viết này sẽ cung cấp cho bạn kiến thức chi tiết về câu tường thuật, từ lý thuyết cơ bản đến các dạng bài tập thực hành, giúp bạn tự tin chinh phục ngữ pháp tiếng Anh.

I. Giới Thiệu Về Câu Tường Thuật Trong Tiếng Anh

Câu tường thuật được sử dụng để thuật lại lời nói hoặc ý nghĩ của người khác mà không trích dẫn nguyên văn. Có hai dạng chính trong câu tường thuật: câu trực tiếp (Direct Speech) và câu gián tiếp (Indirect Speech).

1. Câu Tường Thuật Trực Tiếp (Direct Speech)

Câu trực tiếp trích dẫn nguyên văn lời nói của người khác và đặt chúng trong dấu ngoặc kép.

Ví dụ:

• She said: “I don’t like this dress.” (Cô ấy nói: “Tôi không thích chiếc váy này.”)
• He said: “I want to go home.” (Anh ấy nói: “Tôi muốn về nhà.”)
• Tom said: “The fireworks go off at midnight.” (Tom nói: “Pháo hoa nổ lúc nửa đêm.”)

2. Câu Tường Thuật Gián Tiếp (Indirect Speech)

Câu gián tiếp thuật lại lời nói của người khác mà không dùng dấu ngoặc kép và thường có sự thay đổi về thì, đại từ nhân xưng, trạng từ chỉ thời gian và địa điểm.

Ví dụ:

• She said she didn’t like that dress. (Cô ấy nói rằng cô ấy không thích chiếc váy kia.)
• He said he wanted to go home. (Anh ấy nói rằng anh ấy muốn về nhà.)

II. Cách Chuyển Đổi Câu Trực Tiếp Sang Câu Gián Tiếp

Việc chuyển đổi câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp đòi hỏi sự chú ý đến các quy tắc ngữ pháp sau:

1. Lựa Chọn Động Từ Tường Thuật Phù Hợp

Động từ tường thuật (reporting verb) là yếu tố quan trọng để thể hiện ý nghĩa của lời nói được thuật lại. Một số động từ phổ biến bao gồm:

Ví dụ:

• She told Maya that she had bought a new bag. (Cô ấy nói với Maya rằng cô ấy đã mua một chiếc túi mới.)
• William asked his son which shoes he liked best. (William hỏi con trai mình thích đôi giày nào nhất.)

2. Lùi Thì Của Động Từ (Backshifting)

Đây là quy tắc quan trọng nhất khi chuyển đổi câu. Các thì trong câu trực tiếp thường được lùi về một thì ở quá khứ trong câu gián tiếp.

Lưu ý:

• Các động từ như could, should, would, might, ought to thường không lùi thì.
  • Ví dụ: “You should drink some milk,” she said. → She said I should drink some milk.
• Nếu câu trực tiếp diễn tả sự thật hiển nhiên hoặc chân lý, thì động từ giữ nguyên.
  • Ví dụ: “The sun rises in the east,” he said. → He said that the sun rises in the east.

3. Thay Đổi Đại Từ Nhân Xưng, Tính Từ Sở Hữu, Tân Ngữ

Các đại từ nhân xưng, tính từ sở hữu và tân ngữ cần được điều chỉnh cho phù hợp với người nói và người nghe trong câu gián tiếp.

Ví dụ:

• “Are you tired?” Jake asked. → Jake asked me if I was tired.
• “My cat has brown fur,” she said. → She said that her cat has brown fur.

4. Thay Đổi Trạng Từ Chỉ Thời Gian và Địa Điểm

Các trạng từ chỉ thời gian và địa điểm trong câu trực tiếp cũng cần được điều chỉnh khi chuyển sang câu gián tiếp.

Ví dụ:

• She said, “I’ll remind you to water the plants tomorrow.” → She said she would remind me to water the plants the next day.
• “I went to visit my grandparents last week,” Lily said. → Lily said she had gone to visit her grandparents the week before.

III. Cấu Trúc Câu Gián Tiếp (Reported Speech)

Cấu trúc câu gián tiếp sẽ thay đổi tùy thuộc vào loại câu gốc (câu kể, câu hỏi, câu mệnh lệnh).

• Câu kể: S + say(s)/said/tell/told + that + S + V (lùi thì).
  • Ví dụ: She said to me: “I’m going to the mall.” → She told me that he was going to the mall.
• Câu mệnh lệnh:
  • Thể khẳng định: S + told/ordered/commanded + O + to + V + O.
    • Ví dụ: “Close the door,” Anne said. → Anne told them to close the door.
  • Thể phủ định: S + told/ordered/commanded + O + not + to + V + O.
    • Ví dụ: “Don’t smoke here.” my father told Pete. → My father told Pete not to smoke there.
• Câu hỏi:
  • Câu hỏi Wh- (What, Where, When…): S + asked/inquired/wondered + Wh- + S + V (lùi thì).
    • Ví dụ: Daniel said: “Where are you going on your vacation this week?” → Daniel asked me where I was going on my vacation that week.
  • Câu hỏi Yes/No: S + asked/inquired/wondered + if/whether + S + V (lùi thì).
    • Ví dụ: “Are you going to the restaurant?” she asked me. → He wanted to know if I was going to the restaurant.
• Câu cảm thán: S + exclaimed that + S + V (lùi thì).
  • Ví dụ: “What a beautiful picture!” said Emma. → Emma exclaimed that the picture was beautiful.
• Câu đề nghị/yêu cầu lịch sự:
  • S + asked/invited + O + to + V + O.
    • Ví dụ: Linda said to them, “Will you come to my party?” → Linda invited them to come to her party.
  • S + suggested + (that) + S + should + V / V-ing.
    • Ví dụ: “Why don’t you send Mai Chi an invitation?” said Tin. → Tin suggested me sending Mai Chi an invitation.
  • S + offered + to + V + O.
    • Ví dụ: “Shall I pick you up at the airport?” said my brother. → My brother offered to pick me up at the airport.
• Câu xin lỗi, buộc tội, hứa hẹn:
  • Xin lỗi: S + apologized for + V-ing.
    • Ví dụ: “Sorry I’m late” said Mindy. → Mindy apologized for being late.
  • Buộc tội: S + accused + O + of + V-ing.
    • Ví dụ: She said: “John broke the vase.” → She accused John of breaking the vase.
  • Hứa: S + promised + to + V + O.
    • Ví dụ: “I will call you when I arrive.” Tim said. → Tim promised to call me when he arrived.

IV. Mẹo Làm Bài Tập Chuyển Đổi Câu Trực Tiếp Sang Câu Tường Thuật

Để làm tốt các bài tập về câu tường thuật, bạn nên thực hiện theo các bước sau:

1. Xác định loại câu trực tiếp: Đây là câu kể, câu hỏi, câu mệnh lệnh hay câu cảm thán?
2. Chọn động từ tường thuật phù hợp: Dựa vào loại câu và ý nghĩa của lời nói.
3. Thay đổi dấu ngoặc kép: Chuyển thành dấu chấm câu, “if/whether”, hoặc “to + V” tùy loại câu.
4. Điều chỉnh đại từ, tính từ sở hữu, tân ngữ: Đảm bảo sự chính xác về ngôi.
5. Lùi thì động từ: Áp dụng quy tắc backshifting.
6. Thay đổi trạng từ chỉ thời gian, địa điểm: Nếu có.
7. Kiểm tra lại toàn bộ câu: Đảm bảo tính logic và ngữ pháp chính xác.

V. Bài Tập Câu Tường Thuật Trong Tiếng Anh

Dưới đây là các dạng bài tập thực hành, giúp bạn củng cố kiến thức về câu tường thuật.

1. Bài Tập Chuyển Câu Trực Tiếp Sang Gián Tiếp

1. “What are you doing?” she asked me.
   → She asked me ………………………….
2. “Close the door,” Anne said.
   → Anne told them ………………………….
3. “Will you come to my party?” Linda said to them.
   → Linda invited them ………………………….
4. “Are you going by bus?” my teacher asked.
   → My teacher wanted to ………………………….
5. “I don’t like this pink carpet,” she said.
   → She told me ………………………….
6. Nhung said: “She can not help you tomorrow.”
   → Nhung said ………………………….
7. “What would you do if you passed the exam?” The professor asked me.
   → The professor asked me ………………………….
8. “Do you and your big brother go to the same school?” Maya asked her friend.
   → Maya asked her friend ………………………….
9. “Give me the red cup,” Selena told him.
   → Selena asked him ………………………….
10. “Hurry up,” He said to me.
    → He told me ………………………….
11. “You stole my phone, Alex!” said Lily.
    → Lily accused Alex ………………………….
12. “I want a blue jacket for my birthday,” she said.
    → She said that ………………………….
13. “Don’t forget to turn off the light.” He said.
    → He reminded me ………………………….
14. “I should go home to do my homework”, said Lily.
    → Lily told me ………………………….
15. “Stand up, Daniel,” he said.
    → He asked Daniel ………………………….
16. “She works in a station,” He said.
    → He said that ………………………….
17. “They have not eaten dinner”
    → He told me ………………………….
18. He said to me: “I haven’t finished my work”
    → He told me ………………………….
19. “I will visit my grandparents tomorrow.”
    → He told me that ………………………….
20. Daniel said: “Where are you going on your vacation this week?
    → Daniel asked me ………………………….
21. “Are you serious?” she asked him.
    → She asked him ………………………….
22. “Can I meet you at the meeting?” He asked me.
    → He asked me ………………………….
23. “Dinner will be served after 6 p.m,” said my aunt.
    → My mother said ………………………….
24. “Are you going to the restaurant?” she asked me.
    → He wanted to know ………………………….
25. “Did you see the black cat?” she asked me.
    → She asked me ………………………….

2. Dạng Bài Tập Viết Lại Câu Tường Thuật

1. “Where is my phone?” he asked.
2. “What are you doing?” he asked.
3. “Has Emily talked to Jessica?” my sister asked me.
4. “Are you going to bed?” she asked me.
5. “Did you lock the door?” she asked me.
6. “I could play the guitar when I was seven,” she said.
7. “I don’t like peanut butter,” he said.
8. “You should go to school early,” Lily said.
9. “Will you help me, please?” Becky asked.
10. ”Don’t play the guitar in this room,” the music teacher said.
11. ”What are they talking about?”
12. “I have just sent a letter to Hoa,” Bella said.
13. “Do you like listening to music?” Alex asked.
14. “Which bike do you like best?” My brother asked me.
15. “Why don’t you help Jack?” Jenny asked her.
16. “Can I pick you up at 8 p.m?” she asked.
17. “Where is the ideal place to go camping?” Nhung asked.
18. “Hank, please don’t tell anyone your salary.” said Tom.
19. “I’ll call you tomorrow.”
20. “When was your daughter born?” said the doctor to Linda.
21. “Did Daniel send the book to you?” He asked.
22. “Can I help you, David?” asked Harry.
23. “Don’t tell her about it.” she said.
24. “Did you buy the red dress?” she asked me.
25. The boy asked, “Who made the noise?”

Bài tập câu tường thuật dạng viết lại câu

3. Bài Tập Câu Tường Thuật Trắc Nghiệm

1. Lily said she was leaving for Hanoi _________.
   A. next week
   B. the week previous
   C. following week
   D. the following week
2. The teacher asked students_________.
   A. why did they slept
   B. why they were sleeping
   C. why they sleep
   D. why were they sleeping
3. Daniel said that Tokyo _________ more lively than Seoul.
   A. is
   B. be
   C. was
   D. were
4. Jack was pessimistic about the exam. I advised him _________.
   A. no worry
   B. not worry
   C. no to worry
   D. not to worry
5. He wanted to know where they _________.
   A. had lived
   B. lived
   C. was lived
   D. has lived
6. He asked me if I _________.
   A. had seen that car
   B. saw that car
   C. has seen that car
   D. see that car
7. Henry told me that he _________ home after the event.
   A. walked
   B. had walked
   C. walking
   D. was walking
8. Leo asked her _________.
   A. what time does the meeting end
   B. what time the meeting end
   C. what time the meeting ended
   D. what time did the meeting end
9. My friend _________ me there’s been an accident on that street.
   A. asked
   B. said
   C. spoke
   D. told
10. Jenny wonders _________ doing well at school.
    A. whether her sisters are
    B. if her sisters were
    C. her sisters were
    D. her sisters are if
11. David asked Timmy why _________ the film on television the day before.
    A. didn’t he watch
    B. hadn’t he watched
    C. he doesn’t watch
    D. he hadn’t watched
12. She asked me if I _________ speak Vietnamese.
    A. could
    B. can
    C. will
    D. was
13. She wanted to know what they _________.
    A. doing
    B. were doing
    C. did
    D. had been doing
14. The mother asked her son where _________.
    A. was
    B. is
    C. had been
    D. has been
15. Mimi wanted to know if he _________.
    A. was going to the cinema
    B. went to the cinema
    C. goes to the cinema
    D. had gone to the cinema
16. Bloom asked where_________.
    A. her book is
    B. her book was
    C. her book had been
    D. her book had been being
17. The manager asked us what we_________.
    A. talked about
    B.had been talked about
    C. were talking about
    D. talking about
18. Max asked whether I _________ this game.
    A. had played
    B. have played
    C. was played
    D. played
19. My sister asked me how long I _________ to study in America.
    A. planned
    B. was planning
    C. had been planning
    D. planning
20. Minh advised her husband _________ too much.
    A. wasn’t drinking
    B. don’t drink
    C. had not drunk
    D. not to drink
21. She told me she _________.
    A. didn’t finish her homework
    B. hadn’t finished her homework
    C. had not been finishing her homework
    D. wasn’t finishing her homework
22. He says he _________ London the next week.
    A. goes
    B. was going to
    C. is going to
    D. had been gone
23. I told Nick that my parents would come there to visit us _________.
    A. the following day
    B. tomorrow
    C. yesterday
    D. next day
24. Emma told me that she _________ anymore.
    A. didn’t love me
    B. not to love me
    C. wasn’t loving me
    D. would not be loving me
25. My dad said that he had done it the week before.
    A. the following week
    B. the week before
    C. the next week
    D. last week

bài tập câu tường thuật dạng trắc nghiệm

VI. Đáp Án Chi Tiết

1. Bài Tập Chuyển Câu Trực Tiếp Sang Gián Tiếp

1. She asked me what I was doing.
2. Anne told them to close the door.
3. Linda invited them to come to her party.
4. My teacher wanted to know if/whether she was going by bus.
5. She told me that she didn’t like that pink carpet.
6. Nhung said she could not help me the next day.
7. The professor asked me what I would do if I had passed the exam.
8. Maya asked her friend whether/if she and her big brother went to the same school.
9. Selena asked him to give her the red cup.
10. He told me to hurry up.
11. Lily accused Alex of stealing her phone.
12. She said that she wanted a blue jacket for her birthday.
13. He reminded me (not to forget) to turn off the light.
14. Lily told me that she should go home to do her homework.
15. He asked Daniel to stand up.
16. He said that she worked at a station.
17. He told me that they hadn’t eaten dinner.
18. He told me he hadn’t finished his work.
19. He told me that he would visit his grandparents the following day.
20. Daniel asked me where I was going on my vacation that week.
21. She asked him if he was serious.
22. He asked me if he could meet me at the meeting.
23. My mother said that dinner would be served after 6 p.m.
24. He wanted to know if I was going to the restaurant.
25. She asked me if I had seen the black cat.

2. Dạng Bài Tập Viết Lại Câu Tường Thuật

1. He asked where his phone was.
2. He wanted to know what I was doing.
3. My sister asked me if Emily had talked to Jessica.
4. She wanted to know if I was going to bed.
5. He asked me if I had locked the door.
6. She said she could play the guitar when she was seven.
7. He said that he didn’t like peanut butter.
8. Lily said that I should go to school early.
9. Becky asked me to help her.
10. The music teacher told us not to play guitar in that room.
11. She asked me what they were talking about.
12. Bella told me that she had just sent a letter to Hoa.
13. Alex asked me if I liked listening to music.
14. My brother asked me which bike I liked best.
15. Jenny wanted to know why she didn’t help Jack.
16. She asked me if she could pick me up at 8 p.m.
17. Nhung asked where the ideal place to go camping was.
18. Tom asked Hank not to tell anyone about his salary.
19. I told him that I would call him the next day.
20. The doctor asked Linda where her daughter had been born.
21. He asked if Daniel had sent the book to me.
22. Harry asked David if he could help him.
23. She told me not to tell her about it.
24. She asked me if I had bought the red dress.
25. The boy wanted to know who was making the noise.

3. Bài Tập Câu Tường Thuật Trắc Nghiệm

Việc luyện tập thường xuyên với các dạng bài tập này sẽ giúp bạn nắm vững quy tắc chuyển đổi câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp, từ đó cải thiện đáng kể kỹ năng ngữ pháp và giao tiếp tiếng Anh. Hãy cùng ELSA Speak chinh phục ngữ pháp tiếng Anh một cách hiệu quả!